International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering
International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering(IJGGE) eISSN : 2581-5598 Click here for complete Editorial Board Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF): 5.991 International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering(IJGGE) is concerned with the engineering behavior of earth materials and mining. The journal also focuses on the dynamic behavior of the soil, rocks, earthquake mechanics and other important fields of civil engineering that deals with geological and geotechnical engineering. It's a biannual journal, started in 2015. Journal DOI no:10.37628/IJGGE Indexed in : SJIF, Journal TOC, Google Scholar,Citefactor,Index Copernicus(ICV:57.97) Readership: Graduates, Postgraduates, Research Scholars, Faculty Focus and Scope Cover: • Soil and rock engineering • Offshore geotechnical engineering • Applied geology and Geosynthetics • Geo-environmental engineering • Earthquake engineering • Dynamic behavior of soils and rocks • Geohazards and mitigation • Mining engineering • Soil mechanics and soil dynamics • Computational Geomechanics • Lateral earth pressures, and slope stability Submission of Paper: All contributions to the journal are rigorously refereed and are selected on the basis of quality and originality of the work. The journal publishes the most significant new research papers or any other original contribution in the form of reviews and reports on new concepts in all areas pertaining to its scope and research being done in the world, thus ensuring its scientific priority and significance. Manuscripts are invited from academicians, students, research scholars and faculties for publication consideration. Papers are accepted for editorial consideration through email info@journalspub.com or susmita@celnet.in Abbreviation: IJGGE Frequency: Two issues per year Editorial Board Peer Reviewed Process Instructions to Author
Experimental Analysis on Improving the Soil Characteristics by Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Using Coir or Coconut Fibre
One of the most widely utilized methods for improving poor soils is soil reinforcement. Metal strips, natural and synthetic fibers arranged randomly, geogrid sheets, synthetic and natural geotextiles, and metal strips are examples of materials used for soil reinforcement. Additionally, the tensile strength, shear strength, other characteristics, bearing capacity, and economy are all significantly improved by the soil reinforcement. The utilization of jute fibre in civil engineering is beneficial for enhancing soil qualities due to its affordability, accessibility, biodegradability, and environmental friendliness. The objective of this experiment is to explore the influence of varying percentages—0.25%, 0.50%, 1.0%, 2.0%, and 3.0%—of jute fiber reinforcement on the CBR (California Bearing Ratio) qualities of soil. The findings of the tests reveal a consistent augmentation in the CBR characteristics of soil with the increasing presence of fiber. Moreover, a direct correlation was observed between the rise in fiber content and the corresponding increase in the CBR value of the reinforced soil. This discernible enhancement in CBR values, particularly in soil reinforced with jute fiber, serves as substantial evidence of a significant alteration in engineering behavior. For this investigation, a total of five soil samples, both with and without reinforcement, were meticulously prepared at their respective maximum dry densities, maintaining ideal moisture content within the CBR mold. Subsequent laboratory analysis yielded CBR values for both unsoaked soil and soil reinforced with jute fiber. The results unequivocally demonstrate a positive correlation between the increase in fiber content and the subsequent rise in CBR value of the soil. Additionally, it was shown that the CBR value of reinforced soil improves significantly with the length of the fiber increases, reaching a range of 1.5% to 2.0%. The thickness of pavement subgrade can be significantly reduced, and construction costs can be significantly decreased, thanks to the soil reinforced with jute fiber showing a large improvement in CBR value.
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering
An Analysis of Ujjani Reservoir in Solapur, Maharashtra, India, Using Mathematical Modeling and Satellite Remote Sensing Techniques for Sedimentation Studies
The reservoir's storage capacity steadily decreases due to sedimentation. The reservoir life can be preserved by monitoring sedimentation and implementing appropriate management measures. The Ujjani dam was built for power generating, irrigation, and water delivery systems. It is located in the drought-prone Solapur district, due to which Ujjani is an important initiative for the region's economy and society. In the present study, the Ujjani reservoir's sedimentation is evaluated for monitoring purposes. In order to estimate sedimentation, two methods are used in present study: mathematical modeling with HEC RAS and the Satellite Remote Sensing Technique (SRST). The Satellite Remote Sensing technique is gaining popularity over traditional hydrographic surveys due to advantages such as cheap cost, time savings, reduced labor requirements, accuracy in estimation, and the possibility to carry out previous surveys. ARC-GIS software was used to identify the water spread areas at various reservoir levels based on satellite pictures of Ujjani Reservoir. We used the prismoidal formula to compute the volume between two water levels. The original volume of the reservoir during impoundment was compared to the current volume of the reservoir. This demonstrated the volume loss brought on by sedimentation. With the development of new computer technology, engineers may now use computer simulations and modeling to solve hydraulic problems and sediment transport equations. By utilizing the ever-increasing processing power, numerical modeling has not only shortened computation times but also enhanced the process of testing the impacts of various input variable sets. For Ujjani Reservoir, a mathematical model was created using the HEC RAS program. Sediment volume change profiles were obtained by running this sediment model for quasi-unsteady flow.There is a fair degree of consistency between the sedimentation volumes determined by the two approaches. Additionally, a comparison is made with the earlier hydrographic surveys. At the conclusion of the study, limitations and future directions are also covered.
Analysing Seismo-electromagnetic Waves through Wavelet Transformation
This research has presented a sophisticated methodology for studying lithosphere-ionosphere coupling phenomena, emphasising the identification of pre-seismic activity through seismo-electromagnetic signal processing. The application of an advanced electric field monitoring device, coupled with the precision of the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), has allowed us to uncover nuanced patterns in the ULF range, specifically related to seismic events during the Kumamoto Earthquakes. The detailed statistical analysis further supports the significance of our findings, providing a quantitative measure of variance for each detail level. The capability of our methodology to extract abnormal signals associated with various earthquake preparation stages is a promising step forward in earthquake research. This innovative approach holds great potential for advancing our understanding of lithosphere-ionosphere coupling and its role in early seismic activity detection. The findings contribute to the broader field of seismo-electromagnetic research, demonstrating the importance of sophisticated signal processing techniques in extracting meaningful information from complex datasets. Future research endeavours and validation studies can build upon this foundation, potentially enhancing the applicability of these techniques in earthquake prediction and monitoring systems.
Machine Learning Approach for Analysis of Ionosphere Parameters for Earthquake Precursors
This research explores the relationship between seismic events and predictive indicators, focusing on machine learning-based strategies for early earthquake prediction. It dissects existing prediction approaches, highlighting ionospheric anomalies' correlation with seismic occurrences, particularly preceding earthquakes of magnitudes higher than 5.5. By identifying a lack of comprehensive long-term analyses in the field, the study emphasizes future trends in machine learning-driven EQ-PD techniques using GPS-TEC data for real-time anomaly detection. The methodology involves seismic hazard monitoring in Turkish coal mines, leveraging specialized equipment and diverse machine-learning algorithms for enhanced prediction accuracy. The study's core involves analyzing seismic wave datasets alongside real-time ionospheric data to evaluate the EQ-PD approach. Utilizing FFT seismic wave analysis, precursor detection, and machine learning-based classification, this research underscores the EQ-PD technique's potential for early earthquake prediction. The findings present a robust framework amalgamating seismic wave analysis, ionospheric anomaly detection, and machine learning, offering promise for practical application in mitigating earthquake impacts.
Behavior of Cantilever and Strut Sheet Pile Embedded in Soil using Finite Element Method
This research work is mainly focused on analysis of geotechnical aspects/parametres of Sheet Pile embedded in any soil condition using Finite Element Analysis. For this research work the finite element geotechnical analysis package Optum G2 has been brought into use. The Soil and Sheet Pile both have been designed/modelled as per Mohr-Coulomb Criterion. Here strutted(braced) sheet pile system using a strut modelled as fixed end anchor C300 (with yield force = 300 kN/m). The strutted sheet pile has been assessed for in presence of pseudo-static seismic loading Thereafter resultant parametres similar or different are illustrated, via modelling of 2D elements on Optum G2 . Using limit analysis with embedded depth of sheet pile being 0.4 and 0.5 times of total height of sheet pile i.e. 3.6m and 4.5m, the load multiplier value came up as 5.19 for both values of embedded depth of sheet pile. The Cantilever Sheet Pile is under induced strip loading. Thereafter resultant parametres similar or different are illustrated for it, via modelling of 2D elements on Optum G2. On this sheet pile Multiplier Elastoplastic analysis has been performed, under four different values of prompted strip load (q) of 35, 49, 56 and 70 kN/m2 . A 2Y-X graph has been made exhibiting variation of displacement ϴ and total displacement |u| of sheet pile with increase in height of structs from bottom of finite soil section. Variation of ϴ with height seems to be S-shaped curve while variation of |u| with height a rough J-shaped curve.
Comprehensive Insights into Applied Geology: An InDepth Exploration
The exploration and utilization of natural resources demand a skilled workforce equipped with a strong foundation in engineering and geoscientific knowledge, complemented by technical expertise. Engineers and geoscientists play a crucial role in the forefront of these endeavors, benefiting from their relevant knowledge and proficiency. This comprehensive overview of applied geology underscores the importance of essential skills required for the identification and description of prevalent rock-forming minerals. These minerals play a fundamental role in the intricate processes of rock formation. By acquiring and honing these vital skills, professionals in the field can effectively contribute to the successful exploration and characterization of geological resources. Thus, applied geology also encompasses earth processes, generally known as geohazards, particularly earthquakes, which negatively affect the progress already achieved. Hence, geologists must study those processes and recommend mitigation measures that are necessary for minimizing damage in geological terrains that are vulnerable to the geohazards. This paper bolsters essential knowledge and practical skills for academics as well as infrastructural development.
Juliah Muriuki Wangari, Fatuma Rajab Mwanganga
Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering
An Evaluative Analysis of the Utilization of Artificial Neural Networks in Forecasting Soil Engineering Characteristics: An Overview Study
The primary objective of utilizing synthetic neural networks was to emulate the problem-solving approach akin to the human brain. This approach of employing artificial neural networks gained extensive traction within the realm of geotechnical engineering, where the engineering properties of soil play a pivotal role in ensuring the stability of various engineering structures. The primary concern revolves around the strength and deformation characteristics exhibited by soil masses. The focus lies predominantly on attributes that gauge the responsive behavior of soils under varying conditions. This review paper presents a succinct overview of the applications of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in accurately predicting crucial engineering properties of soil. These properties encompass essential factors such as optimal moisture content, maximum dry density, permeability, shear strength parameters, and unconfined compressive strength. The comprehensive assessment suggests that ANNs, employing diverse models, exhibit a remarkable degree of accuracy in forecasting the engineering properties of soil. The review also underscores the ANNs' capacity to effectively manage incomplete input data, rendering them notably advantageous in such scenarios. This study is poised to provide substantial assistance to researchers immersed in exploring the realm of ANN applications within the context of soil behavior analysis.
A Comparative Study on Contaminated and Uncontaminated Soils Surrounding the Municipal Wastes Disposal Site
Increase in population and industrialization has been creating space problems in and around the cities for habitation. In addition, the cities have been facing disposal problems of solid and liquid wastes generated from industrial and residential areas. Disposal of municipal solid wastes without planned way in any city has been causing air, water and soil pollution in the vicinity of dump site. The wastes disposal can alter the engineering properties of the soil. In this study, to compare the geotechnical properties of contaminated and uncontaminated soils, a municipal solid wastes disposal site of Khurram Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh was selected. At this site, the municipal authority vehicles dump the domestic wastes, collected from door to door of the residential areas of Khurram Nagar. Soil samples (contaminated) were collected from all the four directions of the disposal site. The uncontaminated (raw soil) soil was collected nearby the dump site where there was no chance of flow of dump runoff. Then samples were analyzed for different geotechnical properties like moisture content, bulk density, consistency limits, compaction characteristics, particle size, etc. In addition, pH values of all the soils were also found out. The gradation of the particles was assessed based on the coefficient of uniformity and coefficient of curvature. Geotechnical properties of contaminated and uncontaminated soils varied from location to location. Keywords: Municipal solid wastes, contaminated, uncontaminated, consistency limits, particle size, compaction characteristics.
Advancing the Strength of Expansive Soil using BioEnzyme and Pond-Ash
Expansive soils are problematic and prone to ground movements, which can seriously harm underlying structures and reduce their carrying ability. The expansive nature of soils is activated by moisture fluctuations, causing it to expand and contract. There are many stabilizing chemicals that have been used to treat Black Cotton soil, including lime, cement, and fly ash. Recently, it has become clear that using bio-enzymes to stabilize soil has a lot of potential. The effectiveness of enzymatic stabilization of expanding soils in road pavements is examined in this paper. To establish the permanency of stabilized soil, many experiments were performed. The application of an enzyme-based stabilizer showed its ability to maintain material stiffness despite changes in moisture, considerably increasing the strength of soils. In this study, the effects of combining Black Cotton soil that has been stabilized with Roadzyme and Pond Ash are examined throughout a range of curing times. The soil's Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCC) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) readings were shown to be significantly improved over time using Roadzyme.
Predicting the Influence of Permeability’s on Settlement of Shallow Foundation
Foundation settlement rose as soil permeability increased, excess pore pressure increased with depth, and decreased as shear modulus increased. The expanding soil cycle (shrinkage and expansion) that is principally responsible for foundation settlement is strongly related to water content. The application of modeling and simulation was used to monitor the effect of various soil properties on foundation settlement. But the focus of this study is on Permeability including other soil properties like moisture content; water content, these were also investigated. The variations in soil permeability on settlements reflect on the soil lithology, and the foundation settlement of soil on different depth developed influence on the soil's stability, thus reflecting on the bearing capacity. The study observed heterogeneous soil deposition as it reflected on soil properties and foundation settlement influence, the study explained the heterogeneous impacts of permeability, moisture content, void ratios, and ground water as it affect settlement condition of silty clay deposition, the application of modeling and simulation with experimental techniques has generated some significant factors that affect soil foundation settlements in different dimensions. The trend experienced linear growth rate in all the graphical representation under numerical simulation, these simulation concept were able to monitor the rate of permeability numerically within the depth of 0.1-1.6m, the simulation data were compared with the measured values, the study is imperative because it has explained the impact of settlement rise due to permeability increase in heterogeneous deposition, these reflect the increase of excess water pressure. It has also expressed the influence of shrinkage and expansion as it reflects to settlement from water content impact.
Bearing Capacity of Footing on Reinforced Bottom Ash
Tons of coal has been burned daily to meet the energy requirement. As a consequence, huge amount of coal ash has been produced as waste material. At present day, recycling and reuse of waste material is favorable and also economical from engineering aspect. In the present experimental study, an attempt has been made to study the bearing capacity of footing on geotextile reinforced bottom ash. From the results obtained in the present paper it is found that the values of ultimate bearing capacity of footing on reinforced bottom ash increases about 1.5 to 2.34 times than unreinforced case for number of layers of geotextile sheets (N) = 1 to 3.
Assessing the Impact of Soil-Structure Interaction on Seismic Performance of Step Back and Set Back Buildings on Sloping Ground
When constructing framed structures on sloping ground, either step back or step back and set back configurations are typically adopted. Due to the varying heights of columns towards the slope and the unsymmetrical nature of these buildings, they are subject to large forces such as shear forces, bending moments, torsional moments, and unequal distribution. In the past, it was common practice to assume that structures were fixed at the base, which can lead to errors in evaluation during dynamic loading, particularly depending on the type of soil at the base. To more accurately capture the real behavior of reinforced concrete (R.C.C.) framed buildings resting on a slope, this study uses response spectrum analysis to examine the effect of soil-structure interaction (SSI) on the seismic performance of R.C.C. framed buildings with varying underlying soil types (hard, medium, and soft soil) and angles of slope from 10 to 40 degrees using ETABS software. The buildings will also be analyzed with respect to various slopes of ground and soil types, incorporating shear walls. Results will be analyzed in the form of base shear, bending moment, torsional moment, time period, storey displacement, and storey drift.
Analysis of Geological Structure for the Application of Geotechnical Engineering to Optimize Thermal Extraction in Geothermal Wells
The characterization of the geological terrain for geothermal applications from the heat transfer point of view has been made. Horizontal, vertical and inclined geological layers have been analyzed. Uniform and homogeneous terrain are better candidates for low or high enthalpy geothermal applications while heterogeneous soil have a poorer performance from the thermal transfer point of view. The characterization process of soil structure and properties allows to take the appropriate decision on the type of heat exchanger for low enthalpy geothermal applications, either horizontal or vertical ducts distribution, and the suitability of any depending on the available surface. The study provides a criteria based on the characterization process to select the most adequate configuration of the heat exchanger for an optimum performance of thermal energy extraction from the geothermal bed. Likewise, thermal performance has been evaluated as a function of temperature drop in the heat carrier fluid as a consequence of non-uniform geological structure. An analytical method has been designed and developed resulting in an algorithm that allows the user to determine the temperature drop in the fluid as a function of known parameters. Performance of thermal extraction from geothermal wells improves as fluid diffusivity increases or thickness of different geological layers diminishes. The theoretical analysis of the problem has been applied to horizontal geological layer structure with the heat exchanger passing through vertically, but can also be applied to any configuration like inclined or vertical layers and perpendicular or obliquus heat exchanger position.
Farming on Phone: Understanding Cotton Farmers’ Intentions and Feasibility to Adopt ICT-based Agro Advisory Services in Maharashtra, India
The use of ICT tools in the agriculture sector for rural farmers has emerged as a potential for empowering farmers and improving their livelihoods as the phone-based agro-advisory services provide farmers with access to tailored relevant information to help them make better decisions about agricultural activities, crop yields, and better management of natural resources. However, understanding the impact of social structure on ICT adoption and perceived impacts is important to ensure the viability of digital agriculture and optimal interaction between farmers, consumers, extension agents, and other value chain stakeholders. This study sought to ascertain the adoption and feasibility of the Cotton Doctor application introduced by WWF-India in view of curbing cotton production challenges in the Jalna district of Maharashtra through the administration of a tested questionnaire to participating farmers. A set of independent variables that include the sociodemographic profile of farmers that were thought to influence their willingness to use the app were surveyed. This study uses thematic and descriptive research design to understand the respondents’ perspectives on the application. The data collected was analysed using SPSS by calculating descriptive statistics (mean, percentages and frequencies) and inferential statistics (Fisher’s T test, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test). According to the results, except for the farmers’ experience in farming, there was no statistically significant relationship between the socio-economic characteristics of farmers and their use of the app, which indicates farmers were using the cotton doctor app regardless of their socioeconomic status. The findings showed that the majority of the farmers who responded considered information on weather forecasts and pest/disease management, followed by a daily advisory on farming activities, as being of foremost relevance. Despite the perceived benefits, the study identified a few considerable impediments for farmers, highlighting the need to invigorate the infrastructure and celerity of the mobile app as well as improve communication gaps between farmers and field facilitators.
Behaviour of Micropiles Groups Subjected to Vertical Loads
Micropiles are used to reinforce soils and to support foundations. It may be installed in several directions through existing foundations so as to increase the bearing capacity of the soil and to reduce the settlement. The group effects of micropile groups subjected to vertical loads in granular soils have been investigated by many research workers. However the findings have been found to be inconsistent indicating contradictory group effects. Group behaviour of vertical micropiles groups subjected to vertical loads have been investigated in this study through model testing performed in sand consisting of different relative density. This behaviour is found to be a function of relative density of the sand, slenderness (L/D) ratio, spacing and number of piles in the pile group. The ultimate resistance increases with L/D ratio and with number of piles in the pile group. Ultimate resistance is maximum at 4D spacing in loose sand and medium dense sand at a relative density of 30% and 50%. Ultimate resistance is maximum at 2D spacing and minimum at 6D spacing in dense sand at a relative density of 80%. Efficiency of micropile groups is found to be a function of L/D ratio, density of the sand, the number of piles and spacing of the pile group. Correlations have been developed between the ultimate load and the various parameters involved.
Copyright (c) 2022 International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering
Watershed Management of Karha Basin by Using Geohydrological, Geomorphological and Geophysical Data
The present work deals with the existing water structures available in the upper and lower Karha river basin of Purandar taluka, Pune District. Analysis of the existing structures, understanding the actual condition in upper and lower Karha river basin is carried out and the detailed investigations are countered. Geophysical investigation is carried out by Wenner method. Use of geophysical data has given the actual geology in the sub-surficial region of the study area. The Geomorphological analysis has envisaged to illustrate the surficial water conditions of the Karha basin. In geomorphic study, different aspects of the channel are covered like linear aspect of channel system, aerial aspects of channel system and relief aspect. So, those by covering the Geophysical, Geomorphological data in study area, Watershed is implemented. GIS 2 D maps, base maps and Digital Elevation Model have also satisfied the geophysical data for site selection for water management of upper Karha River basin. Keyword: Geophysical parameters, Geomorphological parameters, Watershed Management, GIS.
Stress Paths in Undrained Triaxial Tests with Anisotropic Consolidation on Marine Sediments of Southern Italy
The present document is the first paper of a serial of studies ongoing in geotechnical laboratory testing and in situ testing of marine sediments in the southern Italy coastal area. For this first stage, Undrained triaxial compression tests with anisotropic consolidation (CK0U) have been performed on marine sediments collected in boreholes carried out in the seabed, in a depth of 8 m to 18 m below the seabed. The use of this compression test allows: (i) to consolidate the specimens, under the application of vertical load, limiting lateral strain and without reaching failure; (ii) the evaluate the entity of the maximum axial strain in the aforementioned conditions; (iii) to measure, during the entire cutting phase, the pore pressure values. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the first set of results from this particular triaxial compression test. The representation of the results by means of stress paths, allow to identify distinctly the breaking point of the specimens, defining with extreme precision the limit of the shear strength and cohesion of the soil without resorting to Mohr’s circles. Keywords: Marine sediments, Undrained triaxial test, Anisotropic consolidation.
Sustainable Approach of Solid Waste Management Strategies - A Case study of Aurangabad
‘Change’ a phenomenon of transition that takes place anywhere, anytime and in anything. May that be for systems, lifestyles, process, climate, weather, environment, population, pollution, technologies, techniques, etc. this change is turning into challenges and has become a hustle for every living finding out alternative and solution for the same. Due to the development and increase in industrialization, urbanization, population, pollution, economy, etc. one of the major challenges rising up is for the solid waste management. The ‘change’ of living standards and demand of the people have led to doubling up of the generation of waste. This is the global scenario where every country is facing similar major-minor challenges with their standards. India too is facing its own challenges and hustling in tackle situations. Measures of recycling and reuse and utilizing waste to generate energy would be major initiatives taking in India. The authors of the present paper have discussed the issues of municipal solid waste management, looking forward to the case of Aurangabad. Also, there has been an attempt to understand various aspects from the studies made for understanding the management system, techniques, innovations, financial values, etc. It also discusses the present municipal waste management system, new technologies, population and solid waste generation forecast with emerging time variable trends. Waste-to-Energy options in terms of various products have been discussed along with their revenue generation. India, on the other hand has variety in traditions, systems, customs, management, governance as populous as well. The lifestyle and standards of living also has a compact on the qualitative and quantitative generation of waste. Hence, it is challenging for every city to overcome with impacts like such.
Estimation of Burden Rock Movement using High Speed Videography: Case Study of A Limestone Mine
In an opencast mine involving hard rock/deposit excavation, blasting becomes a very important activity. Effective usage of explosive energy to fragment and displace the hard strata results in considerable savings. However, the occurrence of blasts in mines is so rapid that the naked eye cannot detect the process. High speed videography can provide the progress of blast in millisecond time scale needed to analyze the happenings in the blast. An attempt is made through this paper to present a case study of assessing the performance of blasts based on explosive energy available at different sections of the blasthole and correlating it with burden rock movement. Keywords: Blast performance, Energy distribution, Burden rock movement
Modelling of Twin Underground Caverns using 3DEC: A Case Study
India is poised to create large underground caverns, for storing crude oil and LPG. Presently there are three such facilities. The dependence of the country on Crude oil and petroleum products requires creating large underground caverns, from the strategic point of view. An attempt is made to present a case study of the stability of Twin Caverns driven adjacent to each other in Southern India. The host rock is granitic formation. A preliminary study was done to identify major geological anomalies. 3DEC software was used for the analysis of the stability of twin caverns and the barrier left between two caverns, incorporating major discontinuities. Study has revealed a considerable effect of mafic dyke on the stability of the caverns. Further details are given in the paper. Key Words: Cavern, dyke intrusion, stability, numerical modeling.
Dynamic Response of Reinforced Concrete Frame Considering Soil Structure Interaction
Present study focus on the dynamic behavior of reinforced concrete frames considering soil structure interaction by performing linear static and dynamic analysis. A reinforced concrete frame having G+10 storey was considered. The investigation on the behavior of RC frame is carried out by using dynamic analysis i.e., Response Spectrum method. The modeling of RC frame is carried out by using finite element-based computer program i.e., STAAD.Pro. The investigation is carryout by considering different soil profile beneath the structure such as Clay, Silt, Sand, Basalt Rock, Mudstone and Gneiss rock. Further investigation is carried out by considering above soil profile in loose and dense state. By considering all these parameter total 30 models for Static and Dynamic Conditions were created, all models were analyzed for the Seismic zone II. The Response of each RC frame with respect to others will be checked for Frequencies, Time period and Mass Participation Factor. The behaviour of each RC frame with respect to others is describes with the help of graphs. Keywords: RC frame, soil structure interaction, response spectrum method, soil profiles, density, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rigidity, poisson’s ratio
Potential of Limestone Powder in the Production of Self Compacting Concrete
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a cutting-edge building material. It's a smooth, durable concrete that fills the formwork completely. The SCC needs a lot of powder to perform well (mostly cement). However, increasing the cement content is impractical and may result in greater hydration heat and drying shrinkage. This project studies the effect of limestone powder (LSP) on the fresh and hardened appearances of SCC. To evaluate the samples with and without LSP as a partial replacement for cement, a control sample of concrete was generated. There were four mixes created using superplasticizer, sand, coarse aggregate, and water at varied replacement amounts of 0, 10, 20, and 30% from cement weight. The results show that replacing up to 30% of the cement in SCC with limestone powder increases the workability of fresh concrete. Conversely, compressive strength increases from 30.35 N/mm2 to 33.73 N/mm2 and 36.26 N/mm2 as the proportion of limestone powder grows from 0% to 10% and 20%, but drops from 36.26 N/mm2 to 21.27 N/mm2 as the percentage of limestone powder increases from 0% to 10% and 20%, respectively (20 percent to 30 percent). Calculated water absorption data show that 10% to 20% replacement reduced average water absorption from 9.54 to 8.87 percent, while 30% replacement reduced average water absorption from 9.54 to 8.87 percent. The water absorption % increased from 8.87 to 9.46. These studies suggest that up to 20% of the cement in SCC can be replaced with limestone powder. Keywords: Limestone, self compacting, concrete, building material, formwork
Simplified Analytical and Numerical Analysis for Stability of Tunnel and Foundation Containing Sloping Ground
Tunnel, foundation and superstructure effect on the stability of slope. Numerical and simplified analytical analyses evaluate behavior of slope under various conditions. However, factor of safety indicates failure criteria of slope. Present research develops some simplified analytical formulae for a specific model and numerical code (PLAXIS 3D) performs finite element analysis of this model. During numerical analysis considers Mohr-Coulomb material model and drained condition. Factor of safety assesses from variations of sloping angles (30°, 35° and 40°) and horizontal distances (0 m, 1 m, 2 m, 3 m, 4 m, 5 m and 6 m) between sloping face and tunnel as well as foundation face. Numerical and analytical results match at zero horizontal distance for each angle of slope. Angle of failure surface varies 27.7, 28.6 and 28.3 percentages of 30°, 35° and 40° slopping angles respectively based on analytical analysis. Little difference between analytical and numerical results of some locations expresses accuracy of newly developed simplified formulae. Keywords: Analytical, Failure Surface, Numerical, Tunnel and Foundation, Slope Stability.
Strength of Soil below RC Frame Subjected to Seismic Forces
Present study focusses on the dynamic behavior of Soil below reinforced concrete frames considering soil structure interaction by performing linear static and dynamic analysis. A reinforced concrete frame having G+10 storey was considered. The investigation on the behavior of RC frame is carried out by using dynamic analysis i.e., Response Spectrum method. The modeling of RC frame is carried out by using finite element-based computer program i.e., STAAD.Pro. The investigation is carryout by considering different soil profile beneath the structure such as Clay, Silt, Sand, Basalt Rock, Mudstone and Gneiss rock. By considering all these parameter total Six models for Static and Dynamic Conditions were created, all models were analyzed for the Seismic zone II. The Response of each RC frame with respect to others will be checked for Normal Stresses and Shear stresses in Soil. The behaviour of each RC frame with respect to others is describes with the help of graphs. Keywords: RC frame, soil structure interaction, response spectrum method, soil profiles, density, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rigidity, poisson’s ratio
Concrete Properties Enhancement with use of Carbon Fibers
Concrete standard grade of concrete with high strength with mechanical properties like flexural strength as well as split is a requirement / need for today’s fastest construction work. To improve the mechanical properties there is need for adding fibers in concrete. Distinct fibers available in worldwide out of which carbon fibers had showed very effective solution for enhancing high strength mechanical properties of concrete. In this paper we have designed M35 grade of concrete with addition of 0%, 0.75%, 0.915%, 1.08% and 1.245% of carbon fiber. We have casted 45 No. of Cubes, 15 Nos. of Cylinder and 15 Nos. of Beams overall we have casted total 75 Nos. of specimens. The testing was done on concrete for fresh and hardened properties of concrete i.e. workability, Compressive strength for 3 days, 7 days and 28 days, Split tensile for 28 days. It was observe that the concrete having 0.915% of carbon fiber shows the economical mix with higher mechanical properties. Keywords: Carbon fiber, concrete, flexural strength, mechanical properties, beams.
Influence of Rock Properties on Sound Level
Rocks used as building materials or for some other purposes are tested for their physico-mechanical properties to assess their suitability. For this, rock boulders excavated from the quarries are cut, shaped and crushed in the laboratory. While carrying out these processes, it generates sound. In this study, rock boulders received from the industries were cut in the form of cylindrical shape to determine its compressive strength, density and Young’s modulus.For the testing of reflectivity (glossy), the rock blocks were sawed into a number of slices. All these activities generated noise. Therefore, an attempt was made to measure the sound level during cutting of cylindrical rock core sample, sawing of rock boulders into number of slices and crushing of cylindrical core samples at the time of determining the compressive strength. The influence of rock properties on sound level were assessed. Studies revealed variation in equivalent continuous sound level and maximum sound level depending upon the types of rock. Rock properties like compressive strength, density and Young modulus influenced the sound level. Keywords: Equivalent sound level, maximum sound level, rock properties, compressive strength, density, Young’s modulus
Copyright (c) 2021 International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering
Steepening Pit Walls- Geotechnical and Economic Implications
Current approach to pit-wall analysis tends to separate designs into distinct categories. The first consideration involves analysis of slope in which discontinuities actively participate in the failure mobilization. The second involves design analysis of non-structural controls which could results in a wide range of failure mechanisms. The third and the least sought for approach is the economic assessment of the slope design which could render optimized pit slope and the bench face angle scenarios economic or otherwise. The sensitivity of the third consideration has become imperative in the face of depleting pit reserves as any positive turn over in the economic analysis could revive distress mine operations. A typical operating pit sited west of Ghana’s metalogenic province which was near collapse due to ore depletion was re-designed through steepening of the slopes to expose more resource. Geotechnical, window and photogrammetry mappings were carried to augment the historical data available. Several numerical analytical tools were also employed to model the pitwall angles. Four steeper slopes were designed from the current BFA of 65° to 70°, 75°, 80° and 85o. This was done to assist in stability, reduce stripping ratio and improve cash flow. The results indicated that discontinuities steeply oriented towards east direction could make the slope highly susceptible to planer and toppling failures The studies concluded that it may not be feasible to steepen BFA from the current base angle due to the predicted steeper angles as a results of overall slope instabilities even though the potential economic benefit is substantial. If steepening would be considered, major modifications of slope geometry; rock improvement, extensive slope monitoring and a good groundwater control management mechanisms may be required. Keywords: Birimian , Auriferous, Pitwalll, Instability, Failure, Economic Analysis, Batter face angle,.
Solid Waste Management by adopting Incineration
Incineration has been employed extensively for waste disposal, involving household, harmful, and medical waste but there is escalating public concern over the advantages of combusting the waste against the health risk from pollutants produced in combustion. Waste Incineration and Public Health advises the rising debate with the latest information accessible on incineration, pollution, and human health alongside with expert conclusions and commendations for advance research and enhancement of such areas as risk communication. The committee delivers details on: Practices involved in incineration and how contaminants are discharged. Environmental dynamics of contaminants and routes of human disclosure. Tools and methods for assessing conceivable human health effects. Scientific concerns relevant to future regulatory actions. Keywords: Incineration, combusting the waste, Solid Waste Management, pollution, risk communication
The environmentally sustainable municipal solid waste management – case study of erode (d.t), india
The municipal solid waste management system is an essential part of an environmental management system, municipal solid waste management generates enormous quantities of waste, due to urbanisation and development of many industries with many aspects. Disposal of municipal solid waste takes a high-risk factor in the environment condition. Solid waste can be modified into effective manner through 3R principles “reduce”, “reuse” and “recycle” ,the conversion of municipal solid waste aims, MSW into Biogas, MSW into compost, MSW into energy, To treat the municipal waste, government have involved two ministries, Ministry of environment, forest and climate change Ministry of urban development The rule amended in 2000 is municipal solid waste management, now it is renovated as solid waste management 2015(1). This paper showcases various methods adopted to convert solid waste into useful products. Keywords:Environment, sustainability, municipal solid waste, case study, transformation of waste to usable products
Free Swelling Behaviour of Bentonite-sand Mixtures in Presence of Pore Fluids of Different Dielectric Constants
The free swelling behaviour of bentonite sand mixtures have been studied using different percentage of ethanol-water and methanol-water solutions. Free swell index tests were conducted at different proportion of ethanol and methanol with distilled water(0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%). Free swell index (FSI), modified free swell index (MFSI) and free swell ratio (FSR) were determined from the results obtained from the tests. FSI, MFSI and FSR decrease with the increase of ethanol as well as methanol percentage. Good linear correlation have been observed between the dielectric constants of the pore fluids and FSI and MFSI of the bentonite sand mixtures. The study focuses on the significant influence of dielectric constants of different percentage of ethanol and methanol water solution on the free swell of bentonite-sand mixtures. Keywords: Free swell index; modified free swell index; dielectric constant; bentonite; ethanol, methanol
Effects of Reinforcing Elements in Soil Reinforcement
The inclusion of reinforcing elements in a soil mass improves its geotechnical properties. The principle behind soil reinforcement is that the reinforcing elements absorb the tensile load and shear stress within the reinforced structures and hence prevent the shear failure and settlement. The friction developed between the interface of soil and reinforcing element improves the properties of soil. Different types of natural and synthetic fibers have been used in various types of civil engineering structures as soil reinforcing elements. Geotextile, geogrid and geocell reinforcements have also been used in different infrastructure projects. The studies carried out by the various researchers using natural and synthetic fibers, geotextile,geogrid, and geocellas soil reinforcing elements have been explained in this paper. Keywords: Soil reinforcement, natural fiber, synthetic fiber, geotextile, geogrid, geocell
Ground improvement using Stone Column technique on black cotton soil and red soil.
Stone column allows the loose soil to settle down properly as well as allows to establish required design criteria. Application of stone column benefits in numbers in higher resistance values, lower permeability, elimination of excessive excavation and material handling and thus it improves the strength of soil. The objective of this paper is to study the increasing strength of soil after application of stone column . Keywords: Stone column, black cotton soil, red soil, soil strength
Ratnesh Hasbe, Akshay Kolekar, Venkatesh Shetye, Neha Chhanngani
Design of Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Plant for a Dumping Ground
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) has become a heavy environmental drawback in major cities everywhere world. Solid waste management is one in every of the fundamental essential services provided by Municipal authorities within the country to stay urban centres clean. Municipal laws governing the urban native bodies don't have adequate provisions to deal efficiently with the ever-growing drawback of Solid Waste Management. With rapid urbanization, the situation is becoming critical as the population is increasing year by year. The people staying in Aadharwadi area situated in Kalyan city is been facing problems due to open dumping of domestic and commercial waste. Around 970 tons per day of solid waste is generated by 1978400 of population in year 2019. All the household and domestic waste under KDMC area is been openly dumped which leads to air pollution, aesthetical appearance, causing instant fire due to reactions, etc. The present report, in this context examines the amount and type of waste generated and the units required to treat the waste by designing the Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Plant for 3000 TPD (tons per day). Keywords: solid waste, Treatment plant, Dumping ground, waste management, Waste treatment process.
Chirag Desale,Harshal Deshpande, Tushar Lote, Ankita Yadav
Design of Leachate Treatment Plant for Adharwadi Dumping Waste
Generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) is increasing due to urbanization, commercialization, and rising population. This result in leachate generation from MSW landfill and dump side. Leachate from dumpsite is the major environmental problem as it causes surface water pollution, ground water pollution and land pollution. Leachate is defined as a liquid that passes through a landfill and has extracted dissolved and suspended matter from it Raghab et al. 2013. Toxicant from leachate adversely affect the surface water and groundwater resources. Therefore, leachate treatment is necessary. In the present study, leachate sample were collected from Adharwadi dumping ground, Kalyan. It has been observed that leachate flows into Ulhas creek, thereby causing contamination. The main objective is to treat leachate and reduce the level of toxicants which is turn will reduce the contamination of Ulhas creek. Leachate includes various harmful heavy metals, organic and inorganic chemical as well as pathogens. Keywords: leachate, municipal solid waste, water pollution, contamination and treatment
Harshada D. Kanade, Akash R. Kamdi, Revti R., Saumya Singh
Composting of Municipal Solid Waste to Enhance the Fertility of Soil
Composting has been used as a method of utilisation organic matter into the soil to boost soil structure and fertility. The composting method has received abundant attention in recent years due to pollution issues and also the seek for environmentally sound strategies for treating waste. Waste volumes still rise, that ends up in loss of resources and inflated environmental risks. Open selling and landfill could be a major technique for waste disposal, the Land filling of perishable waste is well-tried to contribute to environmental degradation, chiefly through the assembly of extremely polluting leachate and gas gas .Composting aims to stabilization of waste for land filling , volume and mass reduction of solid waste and come back of organic substances to the natural cycle . The aim of this project is to arrange the compost with the assistance of MSW to increasing the fertility of various sorts of soil. Keywords— Composting, Soil , MSW, Biodegradable, Environment, Fertility
Akshay Gamre, Sudesh Kshirsagar, Suraj Mahangare, Hemant Pitale
Some Geomechanical and Petrophysical Linkages Within Paleo-Sedimentary Beds of Ghana
Instability issues have been a major challenge in the Sekondian Series of South-Western Ghana. This is particularly affecting civil works and environmental mitigation efforts across the formation as extensive weathered profile impedes structural integrity. Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) of lithological units which is a critical stability measure in most engineering projects requires quality sample of appropriate dimension for its determination. Samples for this important design parameter cannot be easily obtained from the Sekondian sedimentary strata, except at deeper depth, requiring extensive drilling. However, the parameter could be inferred from other properties of the rockmass.This research examines some geomechanical and petrophysical properties of the EfiaNkwanta beds by correlation and regression analysis to obtain models for stability inference. The models were established with the t-test and F-test using Minitab programming. The analysis was performed on disaggregated samples from the beds. The test methods employed were UCS, porosity, saturation and particle density. Correlation interpretation was based on Correlation Coefficients and P-value whereas regression analysis was based on R-square, the P-value and Residual standard deviation. The results indicated that linear association existed between the UCS and Porosity within the sandstone of well sorted grains and connected pores. Thus, the compressive strength of the sandstone was found to be dependent on the degree of pore connectivity. The EfiaNkwanta sandstone gave the best linear correlation with the rest showing appreciable dependence. Keywords:Sekondian Series,petrophysical, geomechanical, correlation analysis, uniaxial compressive strength, porosity Cite this Article: M. Affam, D. Abdulai, C. Nyarko. Some Geomechanical and Petrophysical Linkages Within Paleo-Sedimentary Beds of Ghana. International Journal ofGeological and Geotechnical Engineering. 2020; 6(1): 31–42p.
Copyright (c) 2020 International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering
Soil Reinforcement Using Waste Plastic Materials
Soil reinforcement is a ground improvement techniques used in different civil engineering structures like earth retaining structures, embankment, foundations, road construction, etc.In this study, an attempt was made to collect the soil samples in such a way that it has different plasticity index. Accordingly, samples from surrounding areas of the Kanpur were collected and analyzed for their plasticity index. It was observed that three locations such as PSIT Campus, Naramau and Bithoor indicated medium plastic, high plastic and low plastic category of soil respectively. Hence these soils were used for soil reinforcement study. Waste plastics like polythene bags and plastic bottles cut into uniform small pieces of 1 cm x 1 cm size and made perforated. Then it was mixed in differentproportions like 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00% and 1.25% with soils. The natural soils of different plasticity indexes were analyzed for optimum water content, maximum dry density, liquid limit, plastic limit, particle size, shear strength parameters (angle of shearing resistance, cohesion) and California bearing ratio. Mixed proportions were analyzed for shear strength parameters and California bearing ratio. Influence of waste plastics on shear strength parameters and California bearing ratio were assessed. Influence of angle of shearing resistance on bearing capacity factors were also determined. Mixing of waste plastics with different types of soil improved the shear strength parameters and California bearing ratio.
Object Reconstruction Using Phone and Compact Camera
Previously, a 3D model can be produced by using high resolution and metric camera in close range photogrammetry technique. In this study, there were two types of camera used; the compact camera (Nikon COOLPIX L120) and phone camera (Samsung Galaxy Note1). Two objects were selected; i.e., a biscuit container as for simulation and water tank as the real object. 3D models for both objects were validated by using a measuring tape and laser distance. The 3D models were analysed based on a calculation of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and standard deviation. The RMSE for Galaxy note1 (GN1) was 0.870 cm with standard deviation ± 0.886 cm. On the other hand, RMSE for Nikon COOLPIX L120 was 0.757 cm with standard deviation ± 0.766 cm. The results showed that sub-centimetre level was achieved for both cameras in the water tank 3D models documentation. Keywords: 3D model, accuracy, camera, image, phone, reconstruction Cite this Article: Muhammad Farid Mohd Shaharom, Khairul Nizam Tahar.Object Reconstruction Using Phone and Compact Camera. International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering. 2020; 6(1): 21–30p.
Properties of Bentonite Stabilised with Fluorogypsum
This paper presents the properties of the bentonite stabilised with fluorogypsum. For this purpose, commercially available bentonite and fluorogypsum were used in this investigation. The fluorogypsum content and the curing period were varied from 0% to 10 % and 0 to 28 days respectively. Compaction tests results reveal that the maximum dry unit weight increases and optimum moisture content decreases with the increase in the fluorogypsum content to the bentonite. Further, 2 % fluorogypsum content in bentonite is effective in reducing the liquid limit of the bentonite drastically. However, effect of fluorogypsum on the reduction in the plastic limit of the bentonite is comparatively low. The liquidity index decreases with the increase in fluorogypsum content in the bentonite while as it increases with the increase in the curing period. The axial stress at peak as well as strain at failure increased with the increase in the fluorogypsum content added to the bentonite as well as the curing period. The axial stress at peak as well as strain at failure increased with the increase in the moisture content from OMC-3% to OMC+3%. Water content on the wet-side of optimum moisture content i.e. OMC+3% were effective in producing best results. The SEM-EDAX studies have demonstrated the development of cementation compounds by adding fluorogypsum to the bentonite. Such compounds were responsible for the improvement in the axial stress at failure with the increase in the curing period. Keywords: Compaction test; optimum moisture content; maximum dry unit weight; axial stress; liquidity index Cite this Article: Mohammad Saqib Bin Lateef, Rakesh Kumar Dutta. Properties of Bentonite Stabilised with Fluorogypsum. International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering. 2020; 6(1): 10–20p.
THE STRENGHT PARAMETERS OF SAW-DUST ASH ON THE GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF LATERITIC SOIL FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION PURPOSES IN GHANA
The strength parameters of saw dust ash on the geotechnical properties of lateritic soil for road construction purposes in Ghana have been investigated. The lateritic soil sample collected was subjected to the following test; Atterberg limits, compaction and California Bearing Ratio Test. The tests were conducted in accordance with BS: 1377 and AASHTO M145 standards. A varying percentage of the saw dust ash in order of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% were mixed with the lateritic soil. The influence of the ash content on the Atterberg limits, compaction and California Bearing Ratio were investigated. The plasticity index of the lateritic soil reduced from 17.9% to 16.8% at 12% addition of the saw dust ash. The maximum dry density (MDD) reduced from 2.09Mg/m3 to 1.90Mg/m3at 12% addition of the saw dust ash however, the optimum moisture content increased from 14.14% to 16.71% at 12% addition of the saw dust ash. The California Bearing Ratio value increased from 59% to 74% at 10% addition of the saw dust ash. From a trend analysis, it was indicated that, there was a significant linear relationship between saw dust ash, California Bearing Ratio and the optimum moistures. Natural soils with high moistures were not investigated in this study.
PLASTICITY EVALUATION ON THE HETEROGENEITY OF SAND AND SILTY CLAY FORMATION IN DELTAIC ENVIRONMENT
This paper evaluates the level of heterogeneity impact of atterberg limit of the formation; the study analyzed eight locations to determine their plastic limit, liquid limits and plastic index, values generated from different location reflect the behaviour of sand and silty clay base on the experimental data, fluctuation were experiences from 0.2 – 2.5m in all the locations, it generated the lowest and the highest range from LL30-45, PL, 21-31, PI 9-14, LL 33-44. PL 24-32, PI 9-12, LL 38-44, PL 24-32,PI 9-11, LL38-45, PL, 29-32, PI 9-11, LL 28-44, PI 19-32, PI 9-12, LL 32-45, PL24-32, PI 8-11, LL 30-45, PL 21-31, PI 9-14, LL 38-43, PL 29-32, PI 9-11, LL 28-43, PL 19-31, PI 9-12, LL 33-41, PL 25-30, LL 8-11. The study has determined various values of Atterberg limits in the formation, this evaluation is imperative because it has express the refection of soil heterogeneity of Atterberg limits in sand and silty clay. The generated values are applied for analysis of foundations for an impose loads including pavements design and construction, the values also evaluate the deposition of sand and silty clay in deltaic formation. Moreso the study monitors the plastic behavior of the formation as it is of serious concern to civil engineers. Because these highly affect construction design, the study has monitor soils with plasticity index that are known to be unpredictable in structural failure base on the volumetric changes in soil by moisture infiltration.
Copyright (c) 2019 International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering
Effects of granulated waste glass and micro steel fiber on shear strength parameters of sand
During the construction of the various structures, soil strength plays a vital role in structural performance. Hence, soil improvement techniques are needed to improve soil strength as well. This study aimed to improve shear strength of sandy soil using Granulated waste glass (GWG) and Micro steel fiber (MSF). In order to apply this idea, there have been taken two kinds of sandy soil such as fine sand (locally available in Kushtia) and coarse sand (locally available in Domar). As for basic properties of sand, fineness modulus, specific gravity, maximum dry density, etc. are determined from experimental results. After grounding the waste glasses into granulated form and cutting the 0.70 mm steel wire into a uniform size of 10 mm in length, the GWG and MSF have been mixed in the sand by various proportions namely 5%, 10% and 15% by weight. The observation on the soil improvement technique which is adopted in this paper is summarized that the cohesion of the Kushtia sand is increased up to 1376.7% for 10% MSF and angle of internal friction is increased up to 8.7% for 10% GWG. The cohesion of the Domar sand is increased up to 1877.5% for 10% MSF and angle of internal friction is increased up to 24.4% for 15% MSF. Therefore, it can be concluded that the shear strength becomes increase for both sand up to optimum content using the considered percentage of GWG and/or MSF.
Soft Computing Based Prediction of Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Footings Resting on Rock Masses
The present study attempts to predict the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow foundations on rock masses using five different soft computing techniques namely i) random forest regression approach, ii) artificial neural networks, iii) support vector machine with polykernel, iv) support vector machine with (radial basis function) RBF kernel and v) M5P model tree. The ultimate bearing capacity was assumed to be dependent rock mass rating, unconfined compressive strength of rock, ratio of joint spacing to foundation width, and angle of internal friction for the rock mass. The performance of each model was analyzed by comparing the statistical performance measure parameters. The outcome of present study suggests that support vector machine (SVM) RBF kernel predicts the bearing capacity with least error followed by random forest regression model. All the model predictions further outperformed those based on empirical approach available in literature. Finally, sensitivity analysis performed for the SVM RBF kernel model suggests that the unconfined compressive strength of rock was an important parameter, in comparison to other parameters, considered for predicting the ultimate bearing capacity.
Neural network based prediction of shear wave velocity for soils
The paper presents a study on the prediction of the shear wave velocity (Vs) for all soils using ANN model from cone penetration test data. The input parameters in the obtained of ANN models were vertical effective stress, sleeve friction, cone tip resistance and output was the shear wave velocity. These parameters were considered to construct the ANN model which has 3-2-1 topology in prediction of shear wave velocity. Further, utilizing the RMSE, MAE, MSE, MAPE, determination coefficient (R2) and correlation coefficient (r) for training and testing data set, performance of artificial neural networks was investigate utilizing different activation function. The created ANN model had an adequate precision. The contribution of input parameters on prediction of shear wave velocity was determined by sensitivity analysis and it is found that the contribution of vertical effective stress was 84% on the output shear wave velocity. It was much more as compared to other parameters. Therefore, the ANN model having topology of 3-2-1 was better as compared to the one developed using multi linear regression analysis (MLRA) as well as previously reported correlations in literature to estimate the shear wave velocity. Finally, an equation was proposed for the ANN model based on trained of weights and biases obtained.
FLUENT ANALYSIS ON EARTH HEAT EXCHANGER WHERE AIR AS A FLOW MEDIUM
Renewable energy is the best source of energy. It is abundant in nature, it’s just like a gift of god. Nowadays, heating and cooling is a major issue in environment due to global warming. A major part of energy is being engaged in such issues. So Earth tube heat exchanger is a renewable source of energy for heating and cooling of any building. Here, in this study we will perform a software simulation for the performance check up of the system. Here, the monthly ambient air temperature heating and cooling of the earth air tube heat exchanger over a year, also the temperature difference of air between the inlet and outlet of the earth air heat exchanger for the month of July 2018 to May 2019. It can be observed that the air temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the EAHE varies according to every month. The soil temperature of earth remains constant almost throughout the year. At a depth of 5 m, and pipe length of total 45 m it is noted that the air temperature decreases from the maximum ambient temperature of 41.2 C corresponding to the month of June in the region of Bhopal M.P.It is also noticed that the air velocity inside the earth air heat exchanger is at a constant value almost the length.
Analytical study of CFST Columns at different Temperatures under Monotonic loading using Abaqus Software (CC & LWC infill)
This paper presents, Behaviour of Conventional & Lightweight Concrete-Filled Steel Tube under monotonic loading at different temperatures is investigated using finite element method (Abaqus version 6.13.0.). The parameters chosen for the study are the geometry of the specimen – circular section, different L/D ratios, different grades of conventional & lightweight concrete infill and different temperatures (30°C, 60°C, 90°C, and 120°C). The study includes an analytical investigation into a total of 84 specimens that includes 12 hollow and 72 specimens filled with lightweight & conventional concrete of grades M20, M25, and M30. The specimens including three L/D ratio and having a common thickness, which is subjected to different elevated temperatures (30°C, 60°C, 90°C & 120°C) were obtained by conducting nonlinear analysis using ABAQUS software and compared with Euro code. The analytical results show that with an increase in temperature the load carrying capacity of CFST column decreases. The ultimate load carrying capacity is higher for conventional than lightweight concrete-filled tubes..
With rapid urbanization, the situation is becoming critical. The urban population has grown fivefold in the last six periods with 285.35 million people living in urban areas as per the 2001 census. Waste is littered all over leading to insanitary living conditions. Municipal laws overriding the urban local bodies do not have adequate provisions to deal effectively with the ever-growing problem of solid waste management. Solid waste management is one among the basic essential services provided by municipal authorities in the country to keep urban centre clean. However, it is among the most poorly purified services in the basket. The structures applied are unscientific, outdated, and inefficient; population coverage is low; and the poor are marginalized. This paper covers the solid waste management strategies in Beta-1 area.
Durability Studies on Red mud and GGBS based Geopolymer Concrete
The aim of the study is to evaluate the performance of geopolymer concrete and conventional concrete. In the present work, two Industrial by-products such as Red Mud and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) of 25:75 proportion is used for geopolymerisation. Red mud is a by-product from Alumina industry. GGBS is a by-product from iron industry. To develop a bond between binder and aggregates to form a geopolymer concrete feldspar activator is used with an alkaline solution made up of sodium hydroxide of 10M with an alkali activator to binder ratio 0.35. Whereas conventional concrete of M40 grade is used for comparison. The study investigates the performance of concrete mixtures in terms of durability characteristics and elevated temperature effect on concrete. The durability tests conducted are acid resistance test, sulphate resistance test, chloride resistance test and accelerated corrosion test. Elevated temperature test was carried out at 100OC, 200OC and 300OC for an interval 2 and 4 hours. Results showed that geopolymer concrete is more durable than conventional concrete but has better performance in Elevated temperature test.
A STYDY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF FELDSPAR ACTIVATOR ON GEOPOLYMERIZATION OF REDMUD AND GGBS
It is well known fact that the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is most important construction material. Keeping in view the hazardous effects of Portland cement on environment, efforts are being put to reduce use of cement in concrete with its partial or full replacement by various waste materials such as Red mud (RM), Ground Granulated Blas Furnace Slag (GGBFS or GGBS), Flyash, Silica fume etc.. Geopolymer Concrete (GPC) is a result of such effort. Geopolymerization mechanism involves the reaction between various materials rich in silica and alumina such as RM and GGBS etc. in the presence of alkaline medium to form a binder which binds the aggregates and the other unreacted materials together to form a complex and strong system called Geopolymer Concrete. An experimental study was conducted to arrive at an optimum mix proportion for GPC and thus to study its mechanical propertiesviz., compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength. This investigation also involves the study of elemental composition of GPC and its composite materials.
The purpose of this review paper is to study the advantages of the permeable pavement system and also understanding the current research works and line of works to recommend the future areas of research works. This review paper also defines the importance of permeable pavement systems in the sustainable drainage system in both the urban and rural areas for both the traditional and modern method and also discussed more on the permeable pavement system. Previous pavement allows storm water to pass through the surface material. This decreases runoff and allows removal of impurities such as nutrients, heavy metals, etc. This improves the quality of water. The aim of this review paper is to give associates in storm water management with the critical data that is necessary for the adoption of permeable pavement system for the alternative of the traditional system in water management system.
Taguchis Parameter Design Approach to normal cement concrete mixture proportioning
This paper presents the results of the optimization of normal cement concrete mixture using Taguchi approach. The Taguchi experiments were designed using an L9 orthogonal array with three factors and three levels each. The water-cement ratio (W/C), total aggregate-cement ratio (TA/C) and total aggregate-water ratio (TA/W) were treated as the control factors. The effects of the water-cement ratio, total aggregate-cement ratio and total aggregate-water ratio on the compressive strength were analyzed using signal–to–noise ratios (S/N) and mean response values of the compressive strength of normal cement concrete. The compressive strength was maximized at water-cement ratio of 0.395, total aggregate-cement ratio of 3.795 and total aggregate-water ratio of 9.81 respectively. The mean value of the compressive strength at the optimum settings was 29.32N/mm2 with a tolerance value of ± 4.35Nmm2. A validation test was carried out to investigate the mean value of the compressive strength at the obtained values of optimum settings and was found to be 25N/mm2 which fell within the range of the predicted optimum. The optimization model was tested for adequacy using a normal probability plot and the residuals were found to almost fall on a straight line showing that the errors followed normal distribution. It was also revealed that the water-cement ratio contributed more to the compressive strength followed by total aggregate-cement ratio and then the total aggregate-water ratio.
Protection of Saddle Dam from Ground Vibrations caused due to Tunnel Blasts: A Case Study
A water tunnel of 150m length is being excavated, a portion of which is passing about 20m below the flank of Bhadra Saddle Dam, made up of compacted soil. Tunnel encountered Fair to Very Strong rock formation, requiring usage of explosive energy for the excavation. Safe tunnel blasts were designed for different chainages, depending up on the rock formation, in order to protect the Saddle Dam from the ground vibrations generated. Paper describes the methodology developed and adopted for controlled blasting for tunnel excavation protecting the Saddle Dam.
A REVIEW ON THE VARIOUS TYPES OF SOIL CONTAMINATION WITH REMEDIATION
The paper deals about the plethora of soil contamination by the industrial activities or accidental leakage. Several contaminations of soils have been included in the paper and suggested remediation methods for the remediation of contaminated soil is also discussed in the paper. Rise of population growth leads to large amount of demand, which affects the industrial growth. The re use of waste or any other surplus additives and bio-surfactants for the reduction of the contamination effects of the soil. Careful planning, storage, manufacture and disposal of the hazardous chemicals by the industries is to be taken care by the government authorities and industries. Remediation of contaminated soil is a necessity inorder to have a safe and clean environment. The geotechnical properties of the contaminated soil when studied has a lesser amount shear strength parameter compared to the virgin soil, on the remediation of contaminated soil the bearing capacity and the shear strength parameters of the soil increases which then can be used for several infrastructural purpose rather than remaining degraded waste lands.
Behavioural Study of Black Cotton Soil with Brick Kiln Dust and Fly Ash.
Now a days with increasing population the quantity of waste materials is goes on increasing. This waste material growth is so dangerous that, it affects the lives of humans and animals for example generation of plastic waste of one of the important problem at present condition. Also in industrial area proper disposal of waste material can be seen in very less amount. Therefore by considering this as a problem to the humankind, attempt has been made to utilized industrial waste in Vidarbha region of Maharastra, India. Study reveals that, the combination of brick kiln dust and fly ash is very much suitable for black cotton soil stabilization. The soil with brick kiln dust and fly can improve the CBR valve by 60 % and this soil can be ideal for subgrade construction.
Optimization of Compressive Strength of Segmental Interlocking Stones
The failure of most segmental interlocking stones used as pavement materials is traceable to lack of knowledge of the mix ratios that would optimize the compressive strength of the end products. In this study, the compressive strength was optimized based on Scheffe’s simplex lattice approach. The reliability of model developed was investigated using F-statistic and was found to be adequate. A computer program written in basic language was used to predict with reasonable accuracy, the mix ratios corresponding to a desired compressive strength value that fell within the experimental domain. The mix ratio that optimized the compressive strength was found to be 1:2 (cement: coarse sand), corresponding to a water-cement ratio of 0.526.
Seismic Bearing Capacity of Strip Footing Subjected to Eccentric Load
Reinforced soil bed is improved soil strata from its weak unreinforced original form. By introducing reinforcing ties or strips the soil bed improves on its strength and is rendered less settleable. The compensations of introducing reinforcements have been widely studied by many researchers. The present work has evaluations, formulations and calculations for bearing capacity under certain seismic excitation when the strip footing on reinforced soil was subjected to eccentric loading. The contrast of bearing capacity of the footing when it is subjected to eccentric loading with that when subjected to uniform seismic loading and uniform vertical static loading has been done. The benefit of using layers of reinforcing ties in refining the seismic bearing capacity of the footing has been established.
Seismic Hazard Assessment of Dehradun City
Seismic hazard assessment refers to an estimation of ground motion parameters at any site or region. In the present study seismic hazard assessment is performed for the Dehradun city which lies in a highly seismic region in the Himalayan foothills. Based on the seismicity data provided by IMD, New Delhi and Seismotectonic Atlas of India (GSI, 2000), seismicity was described and 24 seismotectonic sources were identified in the study area. Assuming one third of the total fault length as rupture length for MCE, maximum magnitude to each source was assigned. After the estimation of distance of zone of energy release two different attenuation models were used to define peak horizontal acceleration based on shortest distance between sites and respective seismotectonic sources. The seismic hazard in terms of peak horizontal acceleration was estimated to be 0.334 g using attenuation model by Sharma (2000) and 0.475 g using attenuation model by Abrahamson and Lithehiser (1989). The computed peak horizontal acceleration in the present study is in confirmation with the observed values of Uttarkashi and Chamoli earthquakes and is also comparable to values reported in other studies.
Admixtures Effect on Consistency Limits and Shrinkage Characteristics of Expansive Soil
Effective usage of admixtures into the soil mixtures improves the characteristics of the soil for better construction. Particularly admixtures such as rice husk ash (RHA), quarry dust (QD) and flyash (FA) showed greater effect on the two types of expansive soils namely black cotton soil (BCS) and clayey soil. The percentage of admixtures is in the range of 0 to 30% at an interval of 10%. This study showed effective results in expansive soil along with the admixtures.
The Environmental Impact of Soil Pollution on Human Health
Soils are shaped by the decomposition of rock and organic matter over several years. Soil properties vary from place to place with difference in bedrock composition, climate and other factors. Certain chemical elements occur naturally in soils as components of minerals, yet may be toxic at some concentration. Various other potentially harmful substance may end up mixing with soils through human activities. This may lead to soil contamination which in turn is responsible for negative health effects on humans. Soil contaminants causes various health problems from cancer (arsenic, asbestos, dioxins), to neurological damage and lower IQ (lead, arsenic), kidney disease (lead, mercury. cadmium). Mainly heavy metals and persistent organic chemical are of particular concern. Human activities introduce heavy metals to soil through mining, smelting, industry, agriculture and burning fossil fuels.
Landslide Monitoring, Detection and Warning System by Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is one of the most hopeful field and has uncountable applications in the real-time systems. Execution of WSN in real-time system for landslide detection and warning system is discussed in the present paper. Sliding of rocks and soil is called landslide. It is triggered mostly because of heavy rainfall or melting of snow and can cause loss of lives and property. Using real-time monitoring the landslide can be detected and with the help of suitable warning system people can be warned. The sensor is a major device in electronics for measuring physical data from the environment. Immense applications in the field of an early warning system in space sciences, atmospheric sciences and aeronautical engineering have been explored by various workers. It has been understood that landslide is a frequently occurring natural hazard in the hilly terrains of India; consequent upon every year there is a great loss of life and property. Sensor can be used for the early prediction system of landslide and it could help in preventing the millions of the losses due to natural hazard. In the landslide prediction, sensor can play a major role, where sensor connected with wireless protocol can make it very useful for remote areas landslide mapping, detection, analysis and prediction, etc. A wireless sensor network consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, including temperature, sound, pressure, etc. is found be worthwhile.
A Review of Geophysical, Geochemical and Geotechnical Study of the Marine Soil of Mahakalapada With Special Allusion to Its Stratigraphic Set-up
The present study deals with the marine soil properties collected from Mahakalapada of Kendrapara district in Odisha. Five numbers of saturated soil samples were collected from 2ʹ to 3ʹ below the earth surface and were mixed thoroughly to get the best result. The soil was initially air dried in open atmosphere prior to the testing. The various properties of each sample was calculated either in-situ or in the laboratory. The average value for all the samples is considered for further analysis. The geology of the study area was studied carefully before determining grain size distribution; sieve analysis followed by hydrometer test of the samples. The stratigraphic set up of the area indicates that the sedimentation took place during Oligocene-recent period and was mostly clastic in nature and extends like a blanket. The marine sediments were deposited under the marine and progressive environmental conditions whose thickness increases from west to east. The soil samples were black colored, fine grained and highly plastic in nature with specific gravity ranging from 2.07 to 2.65. Moisture content is 128.94%. The liquid, plastic and shrinkage limits are 89%, 47% and 16%, respectively. The maximum dry density was recorded as 14.3 kN/m3 with optimum moisture content of 32%. As the water content increases from 40% to 62%, the unit cohesion sharply drops from 30kPa to as low as 10kPa. The soil consists of 14% sand, 27% silt and 59% clay, by weight whereas the specific gravity is found to be 2.62.
A New Model for Prediction of Wellbore Stability Using the Three Dimensional Hoek–Brown Failure Criterion
Wellbore stability is one of the crucial issues in oil and gas industries. The issues related to instability of wells, impose significant unwanted costs on drilling operation.The objective of this paper is to present the 3D-wellbore stability prediction models for vertical wellbores. The three dimensional Hoek–Brown strength criterion developed by Zhang and Zhu conjunction with linear poroelastic constitutive model is utilized to develop the models. This models leads to easily computed expression for the critical mud pressure required to maintain wellbore stability. The analytical model is applied to real field case in order to verify the applicability of the developed models.The results indicate that the decreasing of the Biot’s coefficient and increasing the UCS and/or Poisson’s ratio will increase the optimum mud pressure window. Furthermore, this window is a function of depth.
Application of High Speed Videography and Digital Image Processing Software to Assess Performance of Blasts In Opencast Mines: A Case Study
Rock mass can be fragmented by the process of blasting in which a known volume of the yield is obtained by using a calculated quantity of explosive. The explosive selected for blasting depends on factors like rock mass parameters, blasting economics and blast design. Assessment of the performance of a given blast is essential in the larger economics of the mining project. A study was conducted to know the blast performance at two different mines. High speed videography was used to assess blast performance and wastage of gaseous energy. With the increase in stemming height from 1.0m to 3.5m, it was found that there is decrease in the escape of gas energy ejection from 7.42m height to 3.5m, which was almost half the height of ejection. The analysis showed that the maximum velocity of rock movement was found to be 8.97m/s in Mine-A and 12.40m/s in Mine-B with varying strength of intact rock mass. Wipfrag digital image processing software was used to determine the fragment size distribution, which gives quick and accurate measurements. Blast-4 of Mine-A with explosive charge of about 33.36kg/hole produced finer fragmentation compared to Blast-4 in Mine-B with same explosive charge, clearly showing influence of strength of rock mass.
The main objective of the present paper is to study about the different types of concrete and its use according to its properties in different areas in our thesis we have briefly discussed about the property of the concrete. In this thesis, the use of concrete along with the addition of other material to make is more economical for the use and to get proper strength with addition of the other fiber in concrete-Concrete is one of the most versatile building materials. It can be cast to fit any structural shape. It is readily available in urban areas at relatively low cost.
Suitability of Bamboo as a Reinforcing Material in Flexible Pavement Design
In Engineering Programme, soil stabilizations very much important for gaining proper knowledge about ground improvement. Ground improvement technique is one of the challenging task involving inputs from geotechnical engineering sector. In our project, we had to go through different techniques for improving the engineering characteristics of the ground. Through this project an endeavor attempt was made to improve the ground using bamboo as a reinforcing material for flexible pavement considering the factors, viz. economy, comfort and safety to achieve the maximum functional aspect and efficiency. This project work is of great help to us as it served us with the knowledge of geo-techniques.
Condition Assessment of Structures Using Vibration Technique
Structural Health Monitoring grasps the Promise for enhancing the structural performance with an outstanding cost/benefit ratio. Condition assessment is a technique used in health monitoring in the damage detection, to ensure the serviceability and the durability of the structures. In the present report, condition assessment of the structures using low frequency technique is being completed through experimental modal analysis and computational analysis software ANSYS 9.0 over structural elements beam and steel frame. The chief objective of the present study is to recognize the damage induced in the structures using low frequency techniques, to locate the damage location and determine the severity of the damage, so that the life span of the structures can be evaluated and maintenance cost can be reduced.
Analysis of Economical Design of RCC Water Tanks of Different Shapes
The various overhead water tanks are constructed for direct distribution by gravity flow without pumping and are usually of capacities ranging from 50 to 3000 KL. All the tanks are designed as crack free structures to reduce any leakage. The present article gives in brief, the theory behind the design of liquid retaining structure (circular water tank with flexible and rigid base and rectangular underground water tank). The present paper gives view for safe design with low cost of the tank and gives the designer relationship curve between design variable. Thus, design of tank can be more reliable, durable, economical and simple. The study helps us to analyze different types of overhead water tanks in considering the design philosophy for the safe and economical design of water tank.
Prediction and Assessment of Lateral Displacement of Rock Mass Along the Length of the Horseshoe Cavern – A Numerical Modelling Approach
The stability of the underground structures is a key to successful underground mining. Caverns are large underground openings constructed in rock mass for a variety of purposes. The properties of intact rock mass are generally overshadowed by the properties of discontinuities, if the discontinuities are present. Mechanisms of deformation and failure of underground openings in jointed rock mass are determined by the characteristics of the geometrical distribution of discontinuities. This paper presents stability studies of a horseshoe cavern carried out using 3-Dimensional Distinct Element Code (3DEC). The horseshoe cavern has been created in a granitic formation which has a rock mass rating (RMR) value 65. Discontinuities were invoked into the model in the form of horizontal joint set, horizontal and vertical joint sets, horizontal and oblique joint sets and horizontal, vertical and oblique joint sets. Behaviour of the cavern was analysed under varied conditions, in terms of deformations at different locations in the cavern. Comparative analysis was carried out to find the relation between the horizontal displacements at all specified points for the models having intact rock mass as well as discontinuities using distinct element method.
Soil Stabilization with Waste Shredded Rubber Tyre Chips
Soil stabilization means modification of the soil properties by the addition of any other material to meet the required engineering requirements. Construction engineering structures on the weak soils are considered to be unsafe. The load bearing capacity of these weak soils can be improved by means of various ground improvement techniques. Use of waste shredded rubber tyre chips in geotechnical engineering for enhancing the soil properties has received great attention in the recent years. In the present investigation, waste shredded rubber tyre chips have been used as the reinforcement material. 2% cement as binding agent, which was randomly included into the soil at different percentages of waste shredded rubber tyre chips content of 0%, 5% and 10% by weight of soil. The samples were subjected to California bearing ratio (soaked and unsoaked) tests. The tests have clearly shown a significant improvement in the shear strength and bearing capacity parameters of the soil. The results obtained are compared with unreinforced samples and inferences are drawn towards the usability and effectiveness of shredded rubber reinforcement as a replacement for deep or raft foundation and on pavement subgrade soil as a cost effective approach. The low strength and high compressible soft clayey soils were found to be improved by addition of waste shredded rubber tyre chips and cement. It can be concluded that waste shredded rubber tyre chips can be considered as a good earth reinforcement material based on laboratory results on limited tests.
Development of Attenuation Relationships for Underground Blasts: Different Equations
Blasting operation becomes essential for excavation in weathered and hard rock strata for construction and mining activities. The Indian Standard and industrial practice of establishing the site specific attenuation relationship recommend Power form of relationship between the PPV the scaled distance with an exponent of 2/3 (IS) and 1/2 (industrial practice). In this paper, three different equation forms and five different exponents were explored for modelling the aforementioned relationship for a particular site. It was concluded that the universally popular Power model was among the best models for the aforementioned relationship followed closely by the Reciprocal model and the Weibull model, the last suffering from parsimony. Further, it was found that exponents other than the popularly used 1/2 or the IS recommended 2/3 might give better results. The IS code was found to yield conservative values of safe charge weight for a particular safe PPV for a certain distance.
Different Types of Pollutants and Their Impact (Soil, Air and Water)
Pollution is an environmental problem that can lead to – among other things – global warming, acid rain, and the ozone hole formation. The status of air pollution is changing and there are many different air pollutants being a part to it. When pollutants are released into the air, they interact with each other in a complex manner depending on temperature, humidity and other environmental factors.
Research Insight on Everest Contaminated by Toxic Metals
The goal of this investigation of the Everest was to look at follow component fixations and altitudinal patterns in soil and snow. Mount Everest was chosen since its remote area and amazing height disengages it from limited contamination sources. Soil tests were gathered from Mount Everest by different specialists and the examples were broke down for Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, Co, Cu, As, Mn, Hg, and V utilizing inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. Comes about demonstrate that As and Cd are both above USEPA drinking water rules in all snow tests, and arsenic is over the USEPA soil screening rules in all dirt specimens. There was a reasonable pattern in component variety in the dirt examples, with the most elevated focuses found. There was no unmistakable pattern distinguished in the snow tests, perhaps because of vertical blending of surface snow. Anthropogenic sources are suspected to have added to the lifted groupings of both cadmium and arsenic. So this insight is about the dirt contamination on Mount Everest.
Climate Change – Causal Factors and Impacts with Special Reference to India
The change of climate during the last few decades have witnessed frequent floods, droughts, loss of agriculture yield, effect on water resource, food security, rise in sea levels, impact on coastal areas, biodiversity and ecological changes and occurrence of cyclones resulting into significant damage to life and health, property, land, agriculture, and economy. Climate change in earlier times were predominantly on account of natural factors due to changes in Earth’s orbit, changes in solar activity, or volcanic eruptions but with the rapid advancement of urbanization and industrialization along with other development activities, billions of tons of heat-trapping greenhouse gases are being pumped into the atmosphere resulting into climate change. The authors of the present paper tend to explain the causal factors coupled with impacts of climate in the present paper.
Study of Seismic Forces by Changing the Location of Lift Core
An important element for strengthening of structure is lift core in earthquake prone area (Mw=6.5 or more). Major content in this paper is use of lift cores to resist the seismic forces and its effect by changing the lift core location. The study for G+5 and G+10 type frame buildings are taken under study. These buildings are further subdivided as per strata type. Centre core and Corner core are locations that considered for study. Zone V is assumed for all buildings which will cause maximum base shear to the structure. Comparative static and dynamic analysis will be considered in study which will show graphical representation of G+5 and G+10 building along with soil type. Economy is observed as well.
Analysis of Stability of Slope Subjected to Blast Vibrations: A Numerical Modelling Approach
Numerical simulation was employed to estimate the dynamic behaviour of the canal slope under blasting load based on the blast vibration field test of Yanakandla Mine, Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh. Blast vibrations were monitored at different distances and based on the data obtained a regression curve was generated. The study consisted of slope stability analysis of the canal near the mine using Distinct Element Modelling technique in 3DEC software. To simulate the explosion, a simplified triangular blasting load was adopted. The velocity and displacement fields of the slope under blasting were analysed and the PPV values obtained from numerical modelling showed close approximation to the field investigation results. As a parametric study, a vertical joint was incorporated into the model and analysis was undertaken to determine the influence of joint in rock mass.
A Case Study of the Krishna Bhir Slope Failure Disaster: Past and Present Scenario at a Glance
The massive landslide disaster of Krishna bhir has been infamous for its dreadful consequences. This huge landslide in the region led to serious socio-economic and environmental disorders in the vicinity of the region, whose negative impacts were reflected soon in the capital city. In addition to the feeble geology, the blasting and drilling activities, rampant deforestation, heavy monsoon rain and the poor drainage are the engenders for weakening the natural slope resulting the perpetual slope failure of Krishna bhir. The concept of bio-engineering cum civil engineering was implemented by the Department of Road – Nepal to strengthen the hill slope and manage the mass movement. This has been a very effective solution since, it has managed to sustain the slope from more than past decade. However, Krishna bhir has managed to revert to its volatile state once again. Hence, this study investigates about the past and the present condition of the slope with the future recommendations to prevent the impending landslide.
Under Water Blasting for Rock Dredging & Protection of Structures: A Case Study
Rock dredging in ports involves under water blasting for the pretreatment of hard sea bed. A rock dredging project covering an area of about 257,058m2 involving 400,000 cu.m of hard Khondalite rock mass was taken up in a port in the east coast of Southern India, for deepening of Turning Circle and Inner Harbour Channel. Pre-blast survey was carried out to assess type and condition of various structures standing on different distances from the dredging area and safe Peak Particle Velocities (PPV) were assigned. STADDPro analysis was carried out for determining the natural frequency of some marine structures with pile foundation. Under water blasts were planned with varying blast configurations at different locations from the structures in order to maintain the vibration levels to within prescribed threshold values. In total, 1,150 under water blasts were conducted till date, consuming about 425t of explosives. Down the hole initiation was implemented for protecting nearby structures from blast vibrations. The paper gives details of the methodology of underwater blasting and related studies carried out.
Spatial and Temporal Variation of Bioaerosols with Meteorology at Different Land Sites
Air particulates associated with biological origins are termed as bioaerosols. These bioaerosols consist of different species of bacteria, fungi, pollen and spores, etc. and can be allergenic and infectious in nature. The study is an attempt to understand the seasonal variation in bioaerosols concentration at three different land use sites: site I (commercial site), site II (dumping site), Site III (vegetated site). Statistical correlation was applied to infer the relation between bioaerosols concentration with meterological parameters (relative humidity and temperature) at selected sites. The study showed that Site II (dumping site) has high bioaerosols concentration (129 CFU) with high bacterial number (80 CFU) whereas the site III (vegetated site) has highest fungal concentration (67.8 CFU). This shows that different land use type and their micro habitat affect the type of biogenic agent that harbour. The bacterial and fungal concentration shows anti-synergistic trends with RH and temperature at different land use pattern. Contrastingly, at site II (dumping site) where the RH (42.5%) is observed to be minimum and are accompanied with maximum bacterial count.. Study demonstrates the strong correlation between temperature and abundance of bacteria indicated that temperature is one of the most important meteorological factors controlling bacterial abundance whereas the humidity exceeds the fungal population. In winter season the fungal concentration dominates the ambient environment whereas in summer season the bacterial spores were contributing most.
Effect of Varying Shear Velocity on the Mechanical Behavior of Jointed Rock Subjected To Lower Normal Load
: This study investigates the effect of shearing velocity on the mechanical behavior of rock joints, namely, the shear strength, residual strength, joint dilation, its surface roughness and the shearing stiffness under the application of lower normal load. The slower rate of shearing plays an important role in creep and the fatigue effect on jointed rock masses whereas, higher rate of shearing is experienced in the cases of dynamic loadings such as earthquake ground motion, blasting, drilling and traffic loading. In order to study the influence of shear velocity on the mechanical behavior of joints, CNL direct shear test are conducted at the geotechnical engineering laboratory of Kyoto University, Japan. The shear velocity effects the degree of interaction between the joint wall and the change in the surface roughness, which is brought upon by the asperity degradation during shearing. Finally, these phenomena will have the significant effect on the overall mechanical properties of the joint. However, under the lower normal load (< 1.00 MPa) shear velocity has no serious effect on the mechanical properties of the joint. Hence, based on the experimental results, its effect can be neglected for the normal confining stress less than 1.00 MPa. Eventually, the results of this work can help in studying the weak nature of jointed rock slopes under dynamic loading conditions which would be the main focus of this research work in near future.
Tunnel Stability under Different Conditions: Analysis by Numerical and Empirical Modeling
Abstract Stability of the tunnels under different geotechnical conditions can be effectively assessed using numerical modelling techniques. In this paper, the stability of tunnel was analyzed along with support requirement, based on stress distribution around tunnel, using the finite element modelling software – NISA. A case study was taken up of a tunnel proposed by Karnataka Netravari Nigam Limited near Siddapura, Udupi District, Karnataka, India. Results from finite element modeling were verified using empirical approach (Geomechanics Rock Mass Classification) and CMRR (Coal Mine Roof Rating) and ARBS (Analysis of Roof Bolts) softwares. Results from FEM and RMR classification system were in agreement with the other approaches. Keywords: numerical modeling, RMR classification, rock bolting, tunnel stability
Application of High-Speed Videography in Assessing the Performance of Blasts
Abstract Blasting can be considered as the most crucial process in an opencast mine. It is therefore important for mining engineers to understand the effect of geological discontinuities and blast design parameters on the results of blasting. Bench height and burden are very important parameters affecting stiffness of bench. Joints alter the results of blasting, by making explosive energy utilization ineffective. Modern tools like high-speed videography reveal many aspects of fragmentation process, which otherwise are difficult to visualize and understand. An attempt is made through this paper to present some of the research results of model-scale studies, coupled with field study results related to bench height, and joints in order to improve blast results. Keywords: bench height, burden, gas energy, geological discontinuities, high-speed videography
Application of Suitable Admixtures (Lime and RHA) for Improvement of Pavement Subgrade
Abstract The quality of a pavement depends on the strength of its sub-grade. The present investigation has been carried out with easily available materials like lime and rice husk ash mixed individually and in combinations with different proportions. The different percentages of lime with respect to weight of dry soil were 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% 10% and for rice husk ash (RHA) were 3%, 6%, 9% and 12%. In each case the stabilized soil was compacted at optimum moisture content (OMC). In each case California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests and in case of compaction at OMC Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) tests were performed. The effect of curing on UCS samples upto 180 days with the intervals of 30 days was also studied. It was found that CBR of original soil improved from 4.25% to a maximum value 28.25% when mixed with combination of 6% lime and 9% rice husk ash (RHA) under unsoaked conditions and from 3.5% to 29.82% when mixed with a combination of 6% lime and 6% rice husk ash (RHA) with respect to dry weight of soil under soaked conditions at optimum moisture content (OMC). The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of original soil was improved by 253% when mixed with 6% lime and 6% rice husk ash (RHA).However the maximum value of UCS is attained by a value of 285% when mix proportion of 4% lime and 9% rice husk ash. Based on the laboratory test results correlations have been developed between California Bearing Ratio (CBR) at optimum moisture contents as function of different soil parameters by multiple linear regression models. To gain an insight into the reasons of strength increase by identifying the microfabric structure of soil and soil-lime-RHA mixes, semi quantative analysis with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were conducted. The interpretations of results of XRD and XRF tests have clearly indicated that change in strength between lime and rice husk ash admixture occur due to change in silica and mica contents. It is concluded from this study that desired CBR and UCS values may be obtained on mixing a limited quantity of lime with soil when rice husk ash is also used as an auxiliary stabilizer making the mix cost effective. Keywords: pavement, soil, lime, RHA
Evaluation of Soil Reinforcement Potential of Grass Variety
Reinforcement potential of plant root is studied by many researches across the globe. This work aims to analyze the effect of grass root in the improvement of engineering properties of soil. Plant roots being a natural material help in enhancing the shear strength of soil. Field and laboratory studies were conducted on a grass variety (Co-4) and the soil reinforcement potential of the plant is studied. It is found that the root zone enhances the shrinkage characteristics of soil, reduces the consolidation, and increases the shear strength and density. The effect on specific gravity, saturation ratio is insignificant but the liquid and plastic limit is increased.
Stabilization of Red soil by using Boiler Feed Ash
Red soil is the one of the irrigation soil. Most of plants are grown in this soil. The red soil has the most iron content when compared to other soils and it has also got various chemical properties. The red soil has less bearing strength and more water permeability. By the addition of fly ash and BFA to the red soil the liquid limit, plastic limit and bearing strength can be increased. The fly ash is maintained on 10% and the precipitated silica is added from 10% to 50% by replacement of soil. The soil character is changed on the addition of admixtures.
Behaviour of Vertically Loaded Piled Raft
In order to understand the load-settlement behaviour and load sharing of piled raft resting on sand soil, 1-g model tests were conducted.The parameter studied were the influence of pile spacing and number of piles. The testing program includes tests on models of unpiled raft and rafts on 4 and 9 piles. The model piles beneath the raft are non-displacement piles.The improvement in ultimate bearing capacity is represented by load improvement ratio, foundation stiffness and reduction in settlement is represented by settlement reduction ratio.The influence of pile spacing and number of piles on the load improvement ratio,foundation stiffness and settlement reduction ratio are presented and discussed.The results of this tests shows that as the pile spacing and number of piles increases, the load improvement ratio, foundation stiffness and settlement reduction ratio increases.